Passive Vs. Passive Euthanasia - 2425 Words

Gabrielle Barker PHI 130 Shelly Johnson Passive versus Active Euthenasia In the American Medical Association’s conventional doctrine, it is stated that aggressive euthanasia is always forbidden. Doctors can withhold treatment in many circumstances, with no repercussions by merely letting the patient die, but the doctor may never â€Å"kill† the patient. Intentional termination of life of one human being by another†, is termed mercy killing, and is wrong. Directly acting as the agent to kill a terminally ill patient or merely withholding treatment is mercy killing. If there is irrefutable evidence of the patient’s imminent death, than immediate family and the patient can decide on withholding treatment. There is human involvement regardless of omission to let die or kill someone. James Rachel argues in his article â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia† that the AMA should not give the distinction of active versus passive euthanasia any added authority and weight by writing it into official statements of medical ethics. He first argues that active euthanasia is often more humane than passive. Once patients decide not to prolong their suffering, active is preferable in some cases. Cancer patients in dire need and down syndrome babies, and other relevant cases were passive would surely lean to an unnecessary period of prolonged suffering. He gives an example of a case where a patient is dying of incurable cancer, in terrible unlivable pain, subject to irrefutable imminent death.Show MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is A Medical Act Of A Physician Or Any Other Person?1016 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia is defined as the act of a physician or any other person intentionally killing a person by the administration of drugs, at that person’s voluntary and competent request. It is a ‘mercy killing’ which means to take a deliberate action aimed at ending a life to relieve intractable suffering or persisted pain. (Emanuel et al) Euthanasia could also be interpreted as the practice of ending a life painlessly. Euthanasia is technical description of the act regarding the process that is usuallyRead MoreEuthanasi The Complex Role Of The Physician With Physician Assisted Suicide1702 Words   |  7 Pagesof this thesis is to introduce euthanasia, the complex role of the physician with physician-assisted suicide (PAS) under the argument that it is not an issue of passive or active. Nor right or wrong. Euthanasia is defined as the act or practice of killing or allowing someone to die on grounds of mercy (Morally Disputed Issues: A Reader, 341). In its complexion euthanasia is not merely a dead or alive decision as it truly is at its core goal. There is passive euthanasia which is defined as withholdingRead MoreJames Rachels s Active And Passive Euthanasia1275 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not there is a difference between active and passive euthanasia. Breaking this argument down a bit more, our ultimate goal is to prove that the acts of killing and letting die are indistinguishable. Philosophers such as Phillipa Foot, believes that there is a mor ally relevant difference between killing and letting die, however the case she presents is not as easy to influence as is James Rachels’ argument in â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia.† In opposition to Foot, Rachels creates the argumentRead MoreThe Rights Of Assisted Suicide966 Words   |  4 PagesNewton, 2015). â€Å"Euthanasia,† Greek for â€Å"easy death,† is the term used when a terminally ill person is intentionally given a fatal dose, or other treatment is intentionally not given, in the effort to ease the suffering (Stokely, 2015). There is â€Å"voluntary passive euthanasia,† when a patient is given instructions on how to commit suicide (Issitt and Newton, 2015). When the doctor is responsible for administering the fatal dosage at the patient’s request, â€Å"voluntary active euthanasia† is the term ofRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Morality1627 Words   |  7 PagesDenise Maranhao Professor Joseph Anderson Ethics across the professions November 29, 2014 Euthanasia (Euthanasia and morality) Could you pull the plug? Is mercy killing considered murder and should it be illegal under each and every circumstance? There are many questions and even more controversies when it comes to euthanasia and assisted suicide. There are those who believe euthanasia is immoral regardless of the situation, it is illegal and therefore always wrong. But most people have never beenRead MoreEssay about End of Life Decisions719 Words   |  3 Pages Since we are only on this earth for so long then death becomes one of those issues that we must face. With the new advancements in technology death can become complicated. Also since we have other issues such as euthanasia involved things will only get even more complicated. Euthanasia, definition of death, living will decisions, and ethical issues surrounding these subjects will be discussed. End of Life Decisions No one living on this earth will live forever. It comes a point in time whenRead MoreEssay on Euthanasia1285 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide * agent responsible for death euthanasia * a second person responsible for person dying assisted suicide * person dying is the agent respelled for death * second person gives access to the person dying EUTHANASIA/ ASSISTED SUICIDE Callahan AGAINST: 1) Right to self Determination Calahan: Self Determination and Mercy of Others. (It’s a social act, you can claim it’s a murder.) Aiding someone to die, is the new category of killing ***Believes thatRead MorePhysician-Assisted Suicide - an Utilitarian Perspective Essay example1476 Words   |  6 Pagesterminally-ill patient with and incurable illness, whom is given little time to live, usually less than six-months, has requested a physician’s assistance in terminating one’s life. This practice with the terminally ill is known as euthanasia. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia is a controversial topic that brings up many ethical issues and the rights of the patients the physicians serve. Many questions arise when this topic is discussed. For example, does an individual have the right to end theirRead MoreThe And Gay Williams On Euthanasia2095 Words   |  9 PagesAlexa Chavez Professor Rogerson PHI 2600 28 April 2015 Rachels Vs Gay Williams on Euthanasia By definition, â€Å"Euthanasia† refers to the act of taking an individual’s life deliberately to terminate their pain and suffering. It entails killing persons who are struggling with ailments and suffering from severe pain as a result of chronic diseases such as cancer and physical injuries. It also encourages someone to intentionally take his or her life and commit suicide. Two philosophers named James RachelsRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Allowed And Protected By Legislation1656 Words   |  7 Pagesshe lives in has not legalized euthanasia and she is forced to live with the excruciating mental and physical pain for many more months. Many believe that a person who is terminally ill should retain the right to choose whether or not they want to die and defend the practice by saying it is financially suitable. Euthanasia should be allowed and protected by legislation because it a human’s ethical right to die and it is also economically sensible. Narratio Euthanasia is used to terminate the life

Should Teachers Be Carry Guns For Deterrent Reasons

Should Teachers Be Able To Carry Guns For Deterrent Reasons? During the past few years, the number of school shootings has increased markedly. In 2013, there were 19 school shootings that occurred, taking so many innocent lives. Some may remember the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting on December 14th, 2013. It was the second deadliest massacre shooting in United States history, behind the 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre. Adam Lanza shot twenty children, six staff, his mother, and himself that day. School shootings are tragic. Violence continues to increase with these shootings, as well as with violence within the schools among the students. The big question is, how do we protect ourselves from these horrible occurrences? How do teachers protect the innocent lives of their students? One common suggestion is for the teachers and administration to be armed. The premise is that if the school staff has possession of firearms this would discourage shooters, thereby making the schools much safer. However, it is my belief that teachers should not be able to have access to weapons. There should never be any type firearm on a school property, excluding trained security personnel, such as police officers and security guards. There are many reasons that teachers should not carry firearms. One reason is that children like to get their hands on absolutely everything, especially children who are younger. Many children love to allow their imaginations to run wild. They like to search forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Teachers Should Be Allowed to Carry Weapons956 Words   |  4 Pagesthis speech, I will talk to you about how allowing teachers to carry concealed weapons will be a good idea. I will talk about the advantages of allowing teachers to carry a concealed weapon, how allowing teachers to carry concealed weapons is helping other countries, and why Gun-Free zones aren’t working. Let’s start with the advantages of allowing teachers to carry a concealed weapon. There are three main advantages for allowing teachers to carry a concealed weapon. The three advantages are casualtiesRead MoreWhy Gun Ownership Should Not Be Banned1361 Words   |  6 PagesGun control has been an ongoing issue in the American way of life, even though gun ownership is a constitutional right of the American people. The issue dates back prior to the drafting of the United States Constitution. According to Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"Laws that forbid the carrying of arms, only disarm those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. Such laws make things worse for the assaulted and better for the assailants; they serve rather to encourage than prevent homicide, forRead MoreAre There Support For Arm Teachers? Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages3.1 Is There Support to Arm Teachers In Schools? The article presented two different viewpoints concerning arming teachers in school districts. Nirvi Shah wrote an article in support of arming teachers and stated that educators know when an emergency situation arises before anyone else because educators are at the front line of action for the school not emergency personnel. An article opposing putting guns in the hands of teachers was published and stated that teachers would rather hold a book inRead MorePersuasive Essay Guns1123 Words   |  5 PagesGuns are made to protect ourselves when the government is not able to. Guns are not the ones that hurt, but the people that use them; furthermore, whether there is guns or not people that want to hurt others will no matter what. Campus carry should be allowed because it decreases the chances of crime, allows self-defense, and makes people to be more alert of any situation. The criminal is not going to attack someone that can fight back. As a matter of fact, if guns are allowed on campus it makesRead MoreEssay on Armed Education: Should Teachers Carry Concealed Weapons?1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand talking in concern for him, everyone except Josh, who is our class clown. He made the decision to make a comment to our teacher that any other day would have broken the ice and class would have resumed. For some reason, on this particular day it was the straw that broke the camel’s back. My professor looked up from the floor and in a matter of seconds had removed a gun provided to him by the school for protection, from under his jacket, and then shot Josh before anyone could do anything to stopRead MoreKeeping the Right to Bear Arms Alive1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American people because if guns were taken away the government would totally control us and without firearms we are defenseless. There are those people that think that if there were no firearms then there wouldnt be any violent crimes. In 2011 there were close to 33,000 Americans that were victims of gun-related deaths. According Brady campaign an average of 268 people are shot every day; in America that is 97,820 people a year. An average household with a gun is 22 times more likely to be usedRead MoreGuns on Campus2624 Words   |  11 PagesGuns on College Campus Should guns be allowed on college campus? Kenton L. McGowen Abstract This paper will determine whether guns have a place on college, and school campuses. The conclusion that the paper reaches is that students who have guns will be tempted to use them, especially at universities and colleges that are full of drug use, stress, and anxiety. The mixture of guns into a formula like that is simply not conducive to a safe environment. This paper will take evidence fromRead MoreShould Guns Be Allowed on College Campus? Essay2109 Words   |  9 PagesShould Guns Be Allowed on College Campus? In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For CRJU 1100 Introduction to Criminal Justice Armstrong Atlantic State University Fall Semester 2009 Doctor Junseob Moon Date of Submission: December 5, 2009 Introduction â€Å"Gun control? We need bullet control! I think every bullet should cost $5,000. Because if a bullet cost $5,000, we wouldn’t have any innocent bystanders.† (Rock, 1999) Chris Rock got a big laugh when he expressed hisRead MoreGun Control Policy Brief Essays1884 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the Issue? Gun Control What is the Question? Should gun control be instituted in the United States? The concept of gun control has become a hot button item as we live in a country where mass murders, school shootings, and many other gun related crimes are becoming more and more frequent. People are faced with the impending questions on what should be done to limit these types of crimes and how can one defend themselves and their loved ones from becoming victims to these senselessRead MoreGun-Free Zones Do Not Make Us More Safe Essay2971 Words   |  12 PagesGUN-FREE ZONES DO NOT MAKE US MORE SAFE Columbine High School, Littleton, Colorado, 1999; Trolley Square Mall, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2007; Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 2007; Westroads Mall, Omaha, Nebraska, 2007; New Life Church, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2007; Pearl High School, Pearl, Mississippi, 1997. All of these, except Colorado Springs were in areas designated as gun-free zones, places where state, federal, and/or private property laws and regulations forbid people

Walking Contradiction Free Essays

Now I know how parents may feel when their teenage kids are playing there depressing and gothic music at full blast at the middle of the night. It’s clear that most people’s opinions are that the lyrics featured in these gothic or metal bands are usually to do with some sort of bad language, death and violence. A feature most predominantly in many of Marilyn Manson’s songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Walking Contradiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now A quote reveals how people judge him for every circumstance â€Å"when a dude’s getting bullied and shoots up the school and they blame it on Marilyn, and the heroin† This reveals people’s attitude towards this individual. In any case people have their preferences and mine include Beegees. Now don’t get me wrong, I’m not a golden oldie, but the best music had to have been made in the 70’s or 80’s. Perfectly good examples of these would have been Abba and Gloria Gaynor. Now neither of these people needed to promote sex, drugs and rock and roll to sell records, which is what seems to be happening today. Artists seem to swear more and more to sell more and more, now tell me is this right? Any ways don’t get me wrong not every artist is like that†¦ There are a handful of bands, which don’t need negative aspects to sell their music. One band in particular is Kool and the gang, now if I may claim to liking the classic band does that necessarily mean that I must write off every modern day music as some of you people do. All of you people seem to be determined to write off any artists that bear the name Eminem or Marilyn Manson, or any artists that swear or have some sort of opinion not matching yours. The truth about the matter is that you use these individuals as scapegoats, so that you have something to blame when your child has done something wrong or you have something to blame for the way your child behaves. The fact of the matter is that music is a way of expression, and that no matter how or why people complain about aspects of it the reality is that you are powerless to stop any kind of music from coming out. But most importantly you are powerless to stop your children from listening to it. At the end people can listen to whatever type of music, from anything from Bob Marley’s â€Å"No woman No cry† to a more modern day song such as Rage Against The Machine’s â€Å"Bullet in the head†. I personally have gotten into Metallica recently, just like how a vampire needs his blood, I admittedly need to listen to the enlightening and somewhat depressing lyrics, as well as the bone crunching and indoctrinating guitar riffs daily. Without these I am happy to say that I would be a lifeless, dull and uncaring individual (One which requires someone to master him as a puppet). But with all this said hate and love have been with us from the beginning of time, and they will continue to be with us until the end. I only ask that people take in the fact that drugs and violence have always been in lyrics and will forever remain so, the key thing is to learn to deal with it! Show preview only How to cite Walking Contradiction, Papers

Mono Myth of The Step Not Taken free essay sample

Turning toward the noise, I was astonished to see the young man drop his briefcase and burst into tears. † A common feature of a separation stage within a monomyth is the beginning of the quest. The narrator is separated from his previous life the moment he realizes the man has began to cry. From this moment on, he is thrust upon a personal quest to explore the proper action of responding other’s suffering. In another monomyth, â€Å"Star Wars†, the protagonist Anakin Skywalker is thrust upon his quest to rid the universe of evil when Qui Gon Jin and Obi Wan Kanobi are stranded on the planet of Tatooine. They recruit Anakin’s help to leave the planet, which both willingly and unwillingly changes the life of Anakin forever. Secondly, the narrator is introduced to his guide, the conscience. He explains â€Å"What I did next shames me. The elevator stopped at the 10th floor and, without looking back, I stepped out. † Through this statement it is apparent that his conscience intervened a short while after his decision to leave the elevator, as he began to feel guilty. The introduction of such a guide is another defining characteristic of the separation stage. The benevolent guide convinces the narrator to accept the quest, and prepares him for the difficulties ahead. Without the conscience, the narrator would not be able to ask the crucial questions that would eventually lead to the answer. Since this monomyth is a personal quest, the conscience is an appropriate guide. In conclusion, Paul accepts the quest and thus moves on to the struggle stage. The narrator within â€Å"The Step Not Taken† also undergoes a struggle stage as part of the monomyth. Firstly, the narrator begins to test himself and scrutinize his behavior soon after leaving the elevator. He frequently asks himself questions such as â€Å"Should I go up to the 15th floor and make sure he’s okay? Should I search him out from office to office? Should I risk the embarrassment it might cause him? † A large part of the struggle stage during the monomyth is obviously the struggle. With the help of his conscience, the narrator struggles when examining his decision of leaving the man in the elevator without comforting him. He debates with himself what the proper action would have been, and contemplates further action. During the â€Å"Inheritance Cycle†, another successful monomyth, the hero Eragon is often tested and tests himself. Eragon would eventually attempt to overthrow the tyrant kind of his homeland, and such testing is meant to prepare him. Secondly, the narrator also experiences an epiphany during the struggle stage. Paul notes that â€Å"The few people I have told about the incident all say I did the right thing† but then he realizes â€Å"they were wrong. † Perhaps the most noticeable characteristic of the struggle stage is the epiphany the hero experiences. He realizes that ignoring the man was the wrong thing to do. He left the man to his sorrows in the elevator, and if he was a parent of the grieving man he would have wanted someone to comfort him. Paul is sorry, and as a result he knows the action he will take the next time he experiences such an event. Therefore, the struggle stage in â€Å"The Step Not Taken† is completed by the narrator. Lastly, the short essay â€Å"The Step Not Taken† is concluded while the narrator endures the reintegration stage. Firstly, the narrator has acquired new insights and skills through the experience of his epiphany. After his epiphany, the narrator theorizes that he â€Å"should have thrown caution to the wind and done the right thing. † The epiphany has led the narrator to conclude that he was wrong. He knows now that in a situation where a stranger is grieving he should comfort him rather than ignore him. During the critically acclaimed series â€Å"Harry Potter†, Harry’s encounters with the evil wizard Voldermort have helped him realize that people are the strongest when they stand together. This skill then contributes to the victory over Voldermort and the rebuilding of Hogwarts. Thus, the narrator, enlightened, shares his new knowledge with the public in â€Å"The Step Not Taken. † The narrator admits â€Å"that he was wrong, dreadfully wrong, not to step forward in his time of need. That he was sorry. † Paul hopes that the readers of this essay will realize the same thing he did, that people should not ignore other people in their time of need. The fact that Paul D’Angelo wrote this essay is evidence that he has shared his new found knowledge with society. Therefore, the narrator has completed the reintegration stage and has completed the monomyth as well. Throughout the story, the narrator explores the answer of how to respond to other’s suffering. The hero concludes that he should not have ignored the pained man in the elevator, but should have done the right thing, the human thing, and comforted him. The author has therefore completed his journey. His conclusion was based on the fact that he should have â€Å"thrown caution to the wind. † If the author had interacted with the man, he knows he would have risked reprisal. Paul reflects to himself â€Å"Would he have turned on me? Cursing me? Telling me to mind my own business? But in the end he did not care; he would have appealed to his insight no matter the man’s reaction. The author’s opinion would not have changed because in his eyes, he was doing the right thing. The insight the author developed is extremely relevant in today’s world. Too many people are left to their grievances with no one to lean on, and no one to ease their suffering. Societ y has developed the mentality of â€Å"every man for himself. † People consider life a competition. If everyone had experienced a similar epiphany, such views would change. The world would most definitely be a friendlier place.

Media Influence On Sport Essays - Communication, Mass Media

Media Influence On Sport When communication is spread not just between two individuals but rather between tens of millions of people it is known as mass media. Mass media is known as the central nervous system of society. "Mass media has many different purposes, such as providing information, entertaining, persuading and also by carrying a vague general function of culture to millions of people."(Frederick 18). In order for mass media to exist, there must be an audience. Today's society is very selective; each receiver reacts differently through his or her own experience and orientation according to mass media. Therefore, mass media exists in many different forms such as magazines, television, newspapers, internet, motion pictures, and even plays. Some examples of these forms of mass media are cosmopolitan magazine for young modern women and TSN television network for sports fans. With such extreme varieties of mass media existing in today's societies there are three major constraints that seem to have an impressionable impact. These constraints can keep mass media very restricted. The major constraint of mass media is competition. Each form of mass media wants to be the one to target the audience, so therefore competition between mass media is very strong, because capturing the inside of the sports world is critical. Apart from the competition among the various forms of media there is also competition among each form of the media example Fox network competes with all television networks for a market share of the audience. Network companies such as Fox buy the contracts to show American football games for millions of dollars, which they in turn make their money back through companies wanting to advertize on their network during these football games. The audience Fox attracts by showing these games also provides an audience for companies wanting to advertise their products and provides potential customers for their products. This life cycle exists in all forms of media apart from just television, newspapers try to cover the best stories in all areas of life from tradegy to sports and entertainment. From a sociological stand point in today's society sex and violence attracts audiences. By examining the internet, which is the newest form of mass media internet companies that provide the most outrageous websites with sex and violence are the most watched websites. Media Companies compete with each other on those levels by looking at what attracts the most attention and trying to provide it. Although the audience are the ones who decide what information is important and this decides what groups of mass media get the most attention the influence of the media in today's world really guides them in helping them make that decision without their actual knowledge. If your story isn't important to the audience then your media is taking up space, so therefore you either have to produce what the audience wants or you will not be able to survive in the competitive world of mass media. In order to survive in society you must offer the general public information they are interested in. Money also puts constraints on what an individual gets to know. If a person can't afford to buy a television that is restricting them on the knowledge that they are able to consume. Also, companies run on budget plans, and if there is no money in the budget, they are unable to provide information to a society. For every story that is produced, or every television commercial aired that could have been many more, to follow. But with limited money in the budget plans, an audience's view also becomes very limited, because if the media doesn't have the money to produce the information that is information that a society loses out on. Time is also another constraint because is doesn't make a difference on the amount of media there is, there will only be twenty four hours in each day and not all a person's time can be devoted to the effects of mass media. With the consideration of all these constraints this may create many difficulties for mass media, these difficulties will have a reflection on society as well. In media these constraints are known as noise. "All media within each other create noise, but with all the conflicting views, within lies a pattern, that shows some element of truth." (Frederick 10). The purpose of this paper is to state how mass media influences sport. The point that is being made in this paper is to show how mass media influences society, and how it influences sports within a society. To show

The Canterbury Tales Women Essays - The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales' Women Essays - The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales' Women The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Thomas a' Becket's tomb in Canterbury. Throughout the stories, women are often portrayed in two opposing ways. The women in these tales are either depicted as pristine and virginal, or as cunning and deceitful. First, women are described as being pristine and virginal. This type of woman is always beautiful and has men vying for her affections. However, she is so pure that it seems she is unattainable. She is not treated like a real person and people never ask her what she wants. This virginal woman is captured in the character of Emily in The Knight's Tale. Emily, who is described by the author as radiant and serene (32) enchants two cousins and cause them to argue over her. Palamon is so love-struck that he states Woman or Goddess, which? I cannot say. (32). He doesn't even know her yet calls her ... my lady, whom I love and serve (34). When Arcite is released, he becomes sick because he can no longer see her. He is described as Thin as a shaft, as dry, with nothing left./His eyes were hollow, grisly to behold,/Fallow his face, like ashes pale and cold (39). When the cousins finally reunite, Palamon claims Emily for his own once again by saying You shall not love my lady Emily./I, no one else, will love her! (45). They are engaged in battle when the king rides by with his wife and Emily. When confronted, Palamon tells the king that Arcite dares love Emily (49), and that he is also in love with Emily the Bright (49). Even though Emily is sitting right there he still doesn't talk directly to her, instead he tells the king. Emily is herself immune to love: she has seen neither of the knights, nor is she aware that they have seen her, much less that they are in love with her (Hallissy 59). Poor virginal Emily knows no more of this affair,/By God, than does a cuckoo or a hare! (51). However, the king tells the cousins to get Ready by battle to decide his claim/ to Emily. (52) without even asking her what she wanted to do. If he had asked her, he would have found out that she wanted to remain a virgin and marry no one. She even prayed that she would be mistress, no, nor wife. (65). However, she was forced to marry Palamon when he won the battle. Secondly, women are described as cunning and deceitful. This type of woman causes her husband nothing but heartache. She is depicted as a liar and a cheater with low morals. She is a woman neither to be trusted nor respected. In many of the stories she makes a fool of her husband by having adulterous affairs. This type of woman is depicted in the Miller's Tale, the Merchant's Tale, and in the character of the Wife of Bath. In the Miller's Tale, Alison who is described as . . a fair young wife, her body as slender/As any weasel's, and as soft and tender; (90) marries an old man named John. John then takes in a lodger by the name of Nicholas. Since there is a big age difference between Alison and her husband, there is an assumption that Alison is sexually unsatisfied and thus easily seducible by a younger and more virile mana man just like Nicholas (Hallissy 77). John foolishly leaves the two at home alone while he goes to Osney. Nicholas seizes this opportunity to make his move: he held her haunches hard (91) and begs her to satisfy him. Immediately: She gave a spring, just like a skittish colt Boxed in a frame for shoeing, and with a jolt Managed in time to wrench her head away. And said, Give over, Nicholas, I say! (91). However, it rapidly becomes clear that Alison consents to Nicholas's advances. In fact, so swift is the courtship that it is clear that Alison is a woman of exceedingly flexible moral standards she is, in modern terms, easy (Hallissy 77). It is not long before another man named Absolon also falls in love with

Describe a place or enviroment where you are perfectly content what do Essay

Describe a place or enviroment where you are perfectly content what do you do or experience ther and why is it meaningful to you - Essay Example I am perfectly content in my grandparents’ house because it is a place that encourages long conversations and symbolizes the role of family as a permanent source of support, guidance, and inspiration. My grandparents have a big house that they built through decades of hard work in business, and now, it has become a friendly environment where family and peers can drop by anytime to spend time with one another, particularly sharing personal and other kinds of stories. My cousins and I used to go there daily. Sometimes, when there are no classes, we stay the whole day, playing at the wide backyard with fruit-bearing trees or just lazing around in the front yard reading comics and books. The best times are storytelling times with my grandparents. My grandma and grandpa have different genres they specialize in. My grandpa is fond of histories and documentaries, while grandma talks about folk tales and personal life stories. When I listen to them, I feel transported to their older worlds or other imaginary places. They have a way of speaking and describing characters, settings, and plots that enthrall their audiences. Even when some stories are grisly and scary, I feel safe in the have n of my grandparents’ house. Besides listening to histories and folk stories, I love the long conversations we have when we eat together. Every day, a family or friend drops by and brings food and good stories. My grandparents have a long dining table that can fit fifteen people. Around it are smaller tables. The dining room is designed with conversations in mind, where people can listen to one another and share their stories and ideas openly, but respectfully. I remember when my grandmother told their love story. Their love story has a familiar plot because she and grandpa started as friends, until they fell in love in college. I love the parts where grandpa would visit grandma and he would bring her food, instead of flowers. She prefers good food over flowers that wilt. She

It depends what you choose for report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

It depends what you choose for report - Essay Example Walgreens was founded in 1901 and it has established its drug stores in forty seven states. In the Fortunes magazine Most Admired List (2015), Walgreens Company was ranked fifth in the food and drugstores category. The company was also ranked number three among food and drugstores in the Fortune magazine 500 largest U.S based companies (2015) (Fortune magazine). Consequently the magazine also ranked Walgreens number thirty seven overall in terms of revenue. In the fiscal year 2014, Walgreens recorded $ 72217 million in revenues, $ 2450 million in profits, $ 35481 million in total assets, $ 62739 million market value and $ 19454 million in total shareholder equity (Fortune magazine). Consequently, the percentage profit for the fiscal year was 3.4 percent on sales and 6.9 percent on assets. This report gives a deep insight of Walgreens Company and gives a better understanding of the company in relation to its operations, business practices, organizational strategies and growth prospects. Knowledge of Walgreens Company is vital in helping and guiding a prospective employee to make informed decision about whether to work for Walgreens or not. The primary strength that is enabling Walgreens to stays afloat is the fact that it is the market leader. This is attributed to many factors such as increase sale of generic drugs and favorable demographics. One of the major weaknesses that hinder Walgreens from operating optimally in the existence of fierce competition in the drug store industry. Although Walgreens is the current market leader, existing and new drug companies are reducing its market share. Another major weakness is the reduction in foot traffic to Walgreens drug stores. It is imperative for potential employees to carry out an assessment of the company they intend or aspire to work for so as to make informed and better decisions. The following are some of the considered factors: The compelling need for Walgreens to reorganize, reinvent and improve

Netflix - SWOT analysis and managemetn characteristics PowerPoint Presentation

Netflix - SWOT analysis and managemetn characteristics - PowerPoint Presentation Example Finally, the Netflix model is future-proofed, because the streaming business that originally augmented dvd rentals can grow with the demand for streaming content. Netflix has relatively few weaknesses, but those that exist revolve around the novelty of its business model. People who are not comfortable with the internet (such as aging or rural people) will be resistant to this radical change in rental – furthermore, the subscription service is a barrier to entry to occasional renters or those that rent movies only occasionally. There are extensive opportunities for Netflix. Its robust distribution network, able to get items to consumers in one business day, could be used to distribute other content or products should Netflix decide to expand. Video games or related media spring to mind as an especially viable option, but perhaps Netflix could also expand to book rentals, music rentals and so forth. Netflix is currently also a leader in online streaming video distribution. The obvious growth opportunity here is the development of original material for Netflix online, giving consumers a reason to stick with Netflix rather than go to the numerous copy-cats that exist and have sprung up after Netflix’s success. Netflix, though robust, is not immune from outside threats. One of the biggest threats is the threat to the rental industry in general: the future of media delivery is streaming, but Netflix still relies heavily on dvd rentals for its profit margins. There is danger that Netflix could hurt its own dvd business by building a more robust streaming business, and vice versa. Classic wisdom indicates that people will choose to watch content on one of those two ways, not both. Furthermore, now that Netflix’s model has proven profitable, they will face major competition from upstart companies that might have less pressure to make a profit and lower initial costs. Netflix has a

Micro Strip Patch Antenna

Micro Strip Patch Antenna Chapter 1 Introduction The project which we have chosen to do as our final year project for the under graduate program involves the characterization of micro strip patch antenna. In this project we have carried out simulations of different types of antennas, which include dipole, monopole and patch. The purpose of designing all of these is to gain knowledge and experience in the designing of antennas for different purposes by using commercially available CEM. The frequency band, which we have chosen as our relevant band, is the GSM-900 band, which is of wide use in the cellular network. The purpose of choosing this band is to gain valuable knowledge of this frequency band. Antennas are a fundamental part of every system in which wireless or free space is the medium of communication. Basically, an antenna is a transducer and is designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. It is a transducer as it converts radio frequency electrical currents into electromagnetic waves. Common applications of antennas include radio, television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless networks and radar. A detailed study of antennas is discussed in chapter two and chapter three of this report. The CEM softwares that we have used for the designing include XFDTD ® provided by Remcom Inc. and CST Microwave Studio ®, which is a full wave, 3-Dimensional, Electromagnetic simulation software and CST Microwave Studio ®. XFDTD ® utilizes a numerical electromagnetic code for antenna design, that is, the finite difference time domain technique (FDTD). Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is a popular computational electrodynamics modeling technique. The first antenna structure modeled is the dipole. A dipole antenna consists of two conductors on the same axis with a source at the center. It is also modeled in XFDTD ® by following the procedure provided by the software and mentioned in the Appendix. The results are verified by comparing with analytical papers of (lambda/2) dipole. After completing this, the next goal is to model the micro strip (patch) antenna which is one of the main focuses of this project. It comprises of a metallic patch bonded to a dielectric substrate with a metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate forming a ground plane. This metal layer is very thin. Hence, it can be fabricated very easily using printed circuit techniques. Therefore, they are inexpensive to manufacture and are easily integrate able with microwave integrated circuits. The software modeling is carried out in XFDTD ® and on CST Microwave Studio ®. The verification of the results with the experimental results obtained leads to the final phase and the conclusion of the project. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to gain knowledge and experience about computational electromagnetic, as it applies to antenna design. It was also our sole purpose to gain experience in fabrication and experimental characterization of micro strip patch antennas. To achieve these objectives we used two commercially available CEM softwares, XFDTD ® and CST Microwave Studio ®, to design a micro strip patch antenna for 900 MHz. We also gained experimental experience by characterizing the return loss of this patch antenna using the vector network analyzer. 1.2 Project Scope 1.2.1 Description We will study some basic types of antennas; extending basic knowledge of antenna to complex antenna designs such as micro strip patch antennas and also modeled them on antenna design and simulation software. This report has been divided into a number of chapters each discussing a different stage of the project. They are briefly described below: Chapter 2 describes the fundamentals of antennas and thoroughly discusses the theory of fundamental parameters and quantities of antenna. In this chapter the basic concept of an antenna is discussed and its working is explained. Some critical performance parameters of antennas are also discussed. Finally, some common types of antennas are also discussed for understanding purposes. Chapter 3 discusses the important characteristics of antennas as radiators of electromagnetic energy. These characteristics are normally considered in the far field as the antenna pattern or radiation pattern of an antenna is the three-dimensional plot of its radiation at far field. It also discusses the types of antenna patterns in detail. Some important mathematical equations are also solved in this chapter for the better understanding of how an antenna works. Chapter 4 discusses in detail the modeling of the half wave dipole and micro strip patch antenna using XFDTD ®. It describes the modeling of the antenna, the feeding, and the resultant plots obtained. Furthermore it concludes with comparison of the results obtained with the simulations already available in the software. Chapter 5 discusses the theory, calculations involved and the fabrication of the micro strip (patch) antenna in detail. The calculations for the dimensions of the rectangular patch in detail are in this chapter. Also, this chapter describes the results obtained through simulation of the model on the software CST Microwave Studio ®. Chapter 6 discusses conclusions drawn from the whole project. Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals In this chapter, the basic concept of an antenna is discussed and its working is explained. Next, some critical performance parameters of antennas are discussed. Finally, some common types of antennas are introduced. The treatment for these is taken from the reference [4], [6] and [9]. 2.1 Introduction Antenna is a metallic structure designed for radiating and receiving electromagnetic  energy. An antenna acts as a transitional structure between the guiding devices (e.g. waveguide,  transmission line) and the free space. The official IEEE definition of an antenna as given by  Stutzman and Thiele [9] is as follows:   â€Å"That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves†. 2.2 How an Antenna radiates? In order to understand how an antenna radiates, we have to first know how radiation occurs. A  conducting wire radiates because of time-varying current or an acceleration or deceleration of charge. If there is no motion of charges in a wire, no radiation will occur, since no flow of current occurs. Radiation will not occur even if charges are moving with uniform or constant velocity along a straight wire. Also, charges moving with uniform velocity along a curved or bent wire will produce radiation. If charge is oscillating with time, then radiation will occur even along a straight wire as explained by Balanis [4]. The radiation pattern from an antenna can be further understood by considering a voltage source connected to a two-conductor transmission line. When a sinusoidal voltage source is applied across the transmission line, an electric field is generated which is sinusoidal in nature. The bunching of the electric lines of force can indicate the magnitude of this electric field. The free electrons on the conductors are forcefully displaced by the electric lines of force and the motion of these charges causes the flow of current, which leads to the creation of a magnetic field. Due to time varying electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves are created which travel between the conductors. When these waves approach open space, connecting the open ends of the electric lines forms free space waves. As the sinusoidal source continuously creates electric disturbance, electromagnetic waves are generated continuously and these travel through the transmission line, the antenna and are radiated into the free space. 2.3 Near and Far Field Regions The field patterns of an antenna, change with distance and are associated with two types of energy radiating and reactive energy. Hence, the space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three regions. Figure 2.1: Field regions around an antenna The three regions that are depicted in above figure are described as: 2.3.1 Reactive Near-Field Region: In this region the reactive field dominates. The reactive energy oscillates towards and away from the antenna, thus appearing as reactance. In this region, energy is stored and no energy is dissipated. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance ÃŽ » (2.1) where R1is the distance from antenna surface, D is the largest dimension of the antenna and ÃŽ » is the wavelength. 2.3.2 Radiating Near-Field Region: This region also called Fresnel region lies between the reactive near-field region and the far field region. In this region, the angular field distribution is a function of the distance from the antenna. reactive fields are smaller in this field as compared to the reactive near-field region and the radiation fields dominate. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance (2.2) where R2is the distance from the antenna surface. 2.3.3 Far-Field Region: The region beyond is the far field region also called Fraunhofer region. The angular field distribution is not dependent on the distance from the antenna in this region. In this region, the reactive fields are absent and only the radiation fields exist and the power density varies as the inverse square of the radial distance in this region. 2.4 The Hertzian Dipole A hertzian dipole or infinitesimal dipole, which is a piece of straight wire whose length L and diameter are both very small, compared to one wavelength. A uniform current I is assumed to flow along its length. Although such a current element does not exist in real life, it serves as a building block from which the field of a practical antenna can be calculated (Sadiku [6]). Consider the hertzian dipole shown in figure. We assume that it is located at the origin of a coordinate system and that it carries a uniform current. i.e. I=IË ³ cosωt. The retarded magnetic vector potential at the field point, due to dipole is given by (2.3) Where [I] is the retarded current given by (2.4) Where ÃŽ ²=ω/u=2Ï€/ÃŽ », and u=1/ the current is said to be retarded at point under consideration because there is a propagation time delay r/u or phase delay. By substitution we may also write A in phasor form as t(2.5) Transforming this vector in Cartesian to spherical coordinates yields Where But (2.6) We find the E field using (2.7) (2.8) Where, A close observation of the field equations reveals that we have terms varying as The 1/ term is called the electrostatic field since it corresponds to the field of an electric dipole. This term dominates over other terms in a region very close to the hertzian dipole. The is called the inductive field, and it is predictable from the from the Biot Savart law. The term is important only at near field, that is, at distances close to the current element. The 1/r term is called the far field or radiation field because it is the only term that remains at the far zone, that is, at a point very far from the current element. Here, we are mainly concerned with the far field or radiation zone (ÃŽ ²r˃˃1), where the terms in can be neglected in favor of the 1/r term. Thus at far field, (2.9) The radiation terms of and are in time phase and orthogonal just as the fields of a uniform plane wave. The near and far zone fields are determined respectively to be the in equalities We define the boundary between the near and far zones by the value of r given by . where d is the largest dimension of the antenna. The time average power density is obtained as ) (2.10) Substitution yields time average radiated power as But And hence above equation becomes If free space is the medium of propagation, ÃŽ ·=120 and (2.11) This power is equivalent to the power dissipated in a fictitious resistance by current That is, (2.12) Where is the root mean square value of I. From above equations we obtain Or (2.13) The resistance is a characteristic property of the hertzian dipole antenna and is called its radiation resistance. We observe that it requires antennas with large radiation resistances to deliver large amounts of power to space. The above equation for is for a hertzian dipole in free space. 2.5 Half Wave Dipole Antenna The Half Wave dipole is named after the fact that its length is half of the wavelength i.e. . It is excited through a thin wire fed at the midpoint by a voltage source connected to the antenna via a transmission line. The radiated electromagnetic field due to a dipole can be obtained if we consider it as a chain of hertzian dipoles (Sadiku [6]). ÃŽ »/2 I z x y I Figure 2.3: Half Wave Dipole The magnetic Vector potential P due to length dl of the dipole carrying a phasor current is (2.14) We have assumed a sinusoidal current distribution because the current must vanish at the ends of the dipole. Also note that the actual current distribution on an antenna is not precisely known. It can be determined by using Maxwells equations subject to the boundary conditions on the antenna by a mathematically complex procedure. The sinusoidal current assumption approximates the distribution obtained by solving the boundary value problem and is commonly used. O Y X Z Figure 2.4. Magnetic field at point o If r >> à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å", then Hence we can substitute in the denominator of the first equation where the magnitude of the distance is needed. In the numerator for the phase term, the difference between ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ² is significant, so we will replace by . We maintain the cosine term in the exponent while neglecting it in the denominator because the exponent involves the phase constant while the denominator does not. So, (2.15) Using the following integrating equation, Applying this equation gives on (2.15) Since and the above equation becomes, Using identity = 2cos x, we obtain (2.16) We use in conjunction with the fact that to obtain electric and magnetic fields at far zone as (2.17) The radiation term of and are in time phase and orthogonal. We can obtain the time-average power density as (2.18) The time average radiated power can be determined as In the previous equations has been substituted assuming free space as the medium of propagation. The last equation can be written as Changing the variables, and using partial fractions reduces the above equation to Replacing with in the first integrand with in the second results in (2.19) Solving the previous equation of yields value of . The radiation resistance for the half wave dipole antenna is readily obtained from the following equation and comes out to be. (2.20) Chapter 3 Antenna Characteristics In the previous chapter we have discussed the basics of antennas and the elementary types of antennas. Now we will discuss the important characteristics of antennas as radiators of electromagnetic energy. These characteristics are normally considered in the far field and are as follows. And have been treated from the references [4], [6] and [9]. 3.1 Antenna Patterns The Antenna Pattern or Radiation Pattern of an antenna is the three-dimensional plot of its radiation at far field. There are two types of Radiation Patterns of antennas. The Field and the Power Pattern. 3.1.1 Field Pattern When the amplitude of the E-field is plotted, it is called the Field Pattern or the Voltage Pattern. A three dimensional plot of an antenna pattern is avoided by plotting separately the normalized versus for a constant which is called an E-Plane pattern or vertical pattern and the normalized versus for called the H-plane pattern or horizontal pattern. The normalization of is with respect to the maximum value of the so that the maximum value of the normalized is unity as explained by Sadiku [6]. For Example, for the hertzian Dipole, the normalized comes out to be, (3.1) Which is independent of From this equation we can obtain the E-plane pattern as the polar pattern of by varying from 0 to 180 degrees. This plot will be symmetric about the z-axis. For the H-plane pattern we set so that , which is a circle of radius 1. 3.1.2 Power Pattern When the square of the amplitude of E is plotted, it is called the power pattern. A plot of the time-average power, for a fixed distance r is the power pattern of the antenna. It is obtained by plotting separately versus for constant and versus for constant. The normalized power pattern for the hertzian dipole is obtained from the equation. (3.2) 3.2 Radiation Intensity The Radiation intensity of an antenna is defined as (3.3) Using the above equation, the total average power radiated can be expressed as (3.4) (3.5) Where dÃŽ ©= is the differential solid angle in steradian (sr). The radiation intensity is measured in watts per steradian (W/sr). The average value of is the total radiated power divided by ; that is, (3.6) 3.3 Directive Gain The directive gain of an antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction It can also be regarded as the ability of the antenna to direct radiated power in a given direction. It is usually obtained as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the average radiation intensity, that is (3.7) may also be expressed in terms of directive gain as (3.8) The directive gain depends on antenna pattern. For the hertzian dipole as well as for the half wave dipole is maximum at and minimum at . Hence they radiate power in a direction broadside to their length. For an isotropic antenna, . However, such an antenna is not in reality but an ideality. The directivity D of an antenna is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation intensity. D is also the maximum directive gain So, (3.9) Or, (3.10) For an isotropic antenna, D=1, which is the smallest value that D can have. For the hertzian dipole, as derived in equation (3.7) For half wave dipole, Where, ÃŽ ·=120 and (3.11) 3.4 Bandwidth (Impedance Bandwidth) By definition Bandwidth of an antenna is the difference between the highest and the lowest operational frequency of the antenna. Mathematically, (3.12) If this ratio is 10 to 1, then the antenna I classified as a broadband antenna. Another definition for Bandwidth is: Where, . 3.5 Gain We define that G is the actual gain in power over an ideal isotropic radiator when both are fed with same power. The reference for gain is the input power, not the radiated power. This efficiency is defined as the ratio of the radiated power () to the input power (). The input power is transformed into radiated power and surface wave power while a small portion is dissipated due to conductor and dielectric losses of the materials used. The power gain of the antenna as (3.13) The ratio of the power gain in any specified direction to the directive gain in that direction is referred to as the radiation efficiency of the antenna i.e. (3.14) Antenna gain can also be specified using the total efficiency instead of the radiation efficiency only. This total efficiency is a combination of the radiation efficiency and efficiency linked to the impedance matching of the antenna. Hence, from equation 3.14 (3.14(a)) 3.6 Polarization The definition for polarization can be quoted from Balanis [4] as: â€Å"Polarization of a radiated wave can be expressed as â€Å"that property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector; specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a fixed location in space, and in the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the direction of propagation.† Polarization then is the curve traced by the end point of the arrow representing the instantaneous electric field. The field must be observed along the direction of propagation.† 3.7 Return Loss The Return Loss (RL) is the parameter which indicates the amount of power that is lost to or consumed by the load and is not reflected back as waves are reflected which leads to the formation of standing waves. This occurs when the transmitter and antenna impedance do not match. Hence, the RL is a parameter to indicate how well the matching between the transmitter and antenna has taken place. The RL is given as: (3.15) For perfect matching between the antenna and transmitter, RL = ∞ and Γ = 0 which means no power is being reflected back, whereas a Γ = 1 has a RL = 0 dB, which implies that all incident power is reflected. For practical applications a RL of -9.54 dB is acceptable. Chapter 4 Modeling of Half-Wave Dipole Micro Strip Patch Antenna Using XFDTD ® 4.1 Introduction For the purpose of modeling and simulation of antennas we have used modeling softwares, which are widely used in industries. These softwares are specially used for the purpose of electromagnetic (EM) modeling, which refers to the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment. The first such software brought into use is XFDTD ®. It is a three-dimensional full wave electromagnetic solver based on the finite difference time domain method. It is fully three-dimensional.   Complex CAD ® objects can be imported into XFDTD ® and combining and editing can be done within XFDTD ® using the internal graphical editor. It is a powerful software which offers a lot of options to its users. This software has been initially used for modeling of basic antennas to get familiarity with interface and working of the software. Dipole is one of such basic antennas with a simple structure; as the name suggests dipole antenna consists of two wires on the same axis with a source applied at the center point. In this chapter, we begin with the analysis of a half-wave dipole antenna by derivation of field equations and the MATLAB ® plot. After the analysis the modeling is done using XFDTD ®. Finally, all the results are matched by plotting the data in MATLAB ®. 4.2 Derivation of Vector Magnetic Potential We begin with the derivation done in chapter 2 for of the radiated fields for a half-wave dipole antenna in equation 3.11 which gives us the following expression for (4.11) 4.2.1 MATLAB ® Plots of Half Wave Dipole Antenna The expression can be plotted in MATLAB ® using the following code clear all; theta = [0:360]*pi/180; F = cos((pi/2)*cos(theta))./(0.0000001 + sin(theta)); Pn = F./max(F); Pn=abs(Pn); title (POLAR PLOT OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE ) polar(0,1); hold on; polar (theta,Pn,r); The MATLAB ® generated plot of normalized electric field for half-wave dipole for above code is as follows Figure 4.1: MATLAB ® plot for Normalized Electric Field 4.3 Modeling of Half Wave Dipole Using XFDTD ® 4.3.1 Introduction XFDTD ® is a full wave, 3D, Electromagnetic Analysis Software. XFDTD ® used solid, dimension based modeling to create geometries. To create geometry, library objects and editing functions may be used. Modeling of half-wave dipole antenna was carried out in XFDTD ® to test the softwares capability of generating far field radiation pattern. And also to get in depth knowledge of XFDTD ® before using it for the modeling of patch antennas, which is the foremost objective of this project. 4.3.2 Validity of Model As in the previous section the electromagnetic theory of half-wave dipole was studied and its mathematical equations for normalized radiated field was derived and plotted. This plot will be our reference plot while doing the modeling of half-wave dipole. 4.3.3 Modeling of Half Wave Dipole As we know the length of a half-wave dipole antenna should be half the wavelength of the operating carrier wave frequency. Thus the dipole modeled in XFDTD ® has the following specifications: Length of 30cm Frequency used 1 GHz Thin wire was used to create the dipole Source was attached in the middle Figure below shows the geometry of dipole being modeled in XFDTD ®. Figure 4.2: XFDTD ® geometry of Half-Wave Dipole 4.3.4 Results The far fields of dipole antenna were calculated by XFDTD ® and plots were obtained for far field versus both Phi and Theta, as shown in Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4. The results matched with the theoretically established results. Figure 4.3: Far Field vs. Theta Figure 4.4: Far Field vs. Phi 4.3.5 Plotting XFDTD ® Results in MATLAB ® The data for far fields from XFDTD ® was exported and matched with the theoretical results in MATLAB ® for the purpose of confirming the results. Help was taken from the XFDTD ® reference manual to learn how to export far field data. The XFDTD ® file was copied and the extension was changed to ‘.dat and name was changed to ‘XFTDT.dat Next this file was read by MATLAB ® using the MATLAB ® code provided [angle1, a1, c1, d1, e1] = textread(XFDTD.dat,%f %f %f %f %f, 361); angle1=angle1*pi/180; q=find(c1 c1(q)=-9; c1=c1+9; m=max(c1); c1=c1./m; polar(angle1,c1,g) The MATLAB ® result is shown n figure below. Figure 4.8: XFDTD ® radiation pattern in MATLAB ® The experimentally produced curve qualitatively matches with our theoretical calculations. The shape of the curve is similar to the theoretical description, whereas the scale is different. For the purpose of confirming this result, the data of this curve is also exported into MATLAB ® to be compared with previously simulated results. 4.4 Modeling of Micro Strip Patch Antenna Using XFDTD ® 4.4.1 Introduction After gaining confidence on the design of dipole antenna by comparing its results with the simulations and the results obtained from MATLAB ®, we use the same computational software for the modeling of micro strip patch antenna. 4.4.2 Validity of Model For the modeling of micro strip patch antenna, a paper of IEEE â€Å"Application of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Time Domain Method of the Analysis of Planar Micro strip Circuits† is reproduced. This paper is used as a reference so that the results could be compared in order to check the validity. The result of our exercise confirms the results of the IEEE paper; this takes us to design a micro strip antenna of our desired parameters. This training will help us gain the expertise over the computational software, which can be used for the modeling of multiple different antennas. 4.4.3 Modeling of Micro Strip Patch Antenna The antenna is designed for the frequency range from 0 GHz (dc) to 20 GHz. The dimensions used for the antenna centers it at 7.8 GHz. Although its results at the higher frequencies are also examined for the accuracy, the parameters for the antenna are given below: Duroid substrate is used with =2.2 Thickness is 1/32 inch=0.794mm Length = 12.45mm Width = 16mm Transmission line feed is used and is placed at 2.09mm away from the left corner. With these specifications the center frequency comes out to be 7.8 GHz and this can be verified from the link www.emtalk.com/mpaclac.php Figure 4.5 shows the geometry of micro strip patch modeled in XFDTD ®. Figure 4.5 Geometry of the micro strip patch antenna 4.4.4 Results The S11 plot of micro strip patch antenna was calculated by XFDTD ®, as shown in Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 is the plot of the IEEE paper. This gives us the comparison between the two. Figure 4.6 obtained from the XFDTD ® Figure 4.7: Results of S11 parameters from published IEEE Papers Chapter 5 Micro Strip Antennas 5.1 Introduction These days there are many commercial applications, such as mobile radio and wireless communication, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profiles are constraints and low profile antennas may be required. To meet these requirements micro strip antennas can be used. These are low profile antennas and are conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces. These are simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed circuit technology. They are also mechanically robust and can be mounted on rigid surfaces. In addition, micro strip antennas are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance as explained by Balanis [4]. 5.1.1 Basic Characteristics Micro strip antennas consist of a very thin metallic strip or patch placed a small fraction of a wavelength above a ground plane. The micro strip patch is designed so its pattern maximum is normal to the patch hence making it a broadside radiator. This is accomplished by properly choosing the mode or field configuration of excitation beneath the patch. End-fire radiation can also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch, the length L of the element is usually . The conducting micro strip or patch and the ground plane are separated by the substrate (Balanis [4]). There are numerous substrates that can be used for the design of micro strip antennas and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of . The substrate that we are using in our designs has a value of 4.6. Often micro strip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating elements and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. The radiating patch may be square, rectangular, thin strip, circular, elliptical, triangular or any other configuration. Arrays of micro strip elements with single or multiple feeds are used to achieve greater directivities. 5.1.2 Feeding Methods There are numerous methods that can be used to feed micro strip antennas. The four most common and popular are the micro strip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling and proximity coupling. In our designs we have selected coaxial probe as our method of feeding the Micro strip antenna. Following is a brief explanation of coaxial feeding as explained by Balanis [4]. Coaxial-line feeds, where the inner conductor of the coax is attached to the radiation patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane are widely used. The coaxial probe feed is also easy to fabricate and match, and it has low spurious radiation. However is has narrow bandwidth and it is more difficult to model. 5.2 Rectangular Patch The rectangular patch is one of the most widely used configurations of Micro strip antennas. It is very easy to analyze using either the transmission line model or the cavity model, which have higher accuracy for thin substrates as explained by Balanis [4]. In our desig

Exploring the Effects of the West on The Ottoman Empire Essay -- Europ

In the course of approximately four hundred years, Western European colonists and prominent historical figures were particularly known for exploiting and devastating distant cultures and civilizations around the world. This included groups ranging from the Aboriginals and the Aztecs in the remote â€Å"New World†, to groups in East Asia such as the Chinese and the Mughals. However, historians today debate whether or not these prevailing and prospering Western European nations were as successful at influencing the cultures of nearer empires such as the Ottoman Empire. It is questionable as to whether or not the Ottoman Empire should be compared to other cultures devastated through their interactions with the West, largely due to the Ottomans’ vast success in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and eventual internal problems. However, the Ottoman Empire’s inability to remain as successful as its adjacent Western neighbours indicates that they too, were a victim of Western dominance. As the Ottomans began its descent, much of the West continued its prevalence. Therefore, it is fair to say that the Ottoman Empire’s considerable interaction with the West led to the demise and alteration of its culture. The Western powers’ economic supremacy, exploitation of the Ottomans’ internal failures and influence on its religious state each significantly contributed. Unlike most â€Å"victimized† cultures of Western European domination, the Ottoman Empire was considerably successful and powerful for many years, particularly in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century under the rule of Sulayman the Magnificent (Haberman, 132). By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had secured much of the Arab Middle East, Belgrade and most of Hungary (Haberman, 132... ... non-Muslim communities, called millets, to freely practice their religions as long as they continued to pay taxes. Nevertheless, they remained largely secluded from high culture and influential positions (Muhlberger). This had changed by the early nineteenth century, as a result of the European-imposed Capitulations. Christians within the empire became heavily privileged via their contact with the Christian European powers as they were able to access the European markets (Muhlberger). Like the European merchants, the Christian inhabitants in the empire too did not necessarily have to abide Ottoman regulations under the Capitulations (Muhlberger). The resulting economic and political leverages naturally caused their status in Ottoman society to ascend (Muhlberger). Once considered a source of income, Christians became deemed as a potential threat to Ottoman society.

Financial worksheet assignment Essay

Controlling When a financial manager makes sure that every department in the organization is following the plans that have been set. When viewing feedback reports from 8 months ago in comparison to those written 2 weeks ago week the manager was able to see that more money was being spent on man hours in her department even though patient flow had actually decreased. By this valuation she realized she needs to adjust employees work schedules and do some changing around where they could be better utilized. Decision  making When the financial manager chooses one of the options among the available alternatives. When opting to update their facility Dr. X and Dr. Y spent several months researching information on new resources and services that their community could benefit. They viewed health reports, statistics, and evaluated what would be most useful and bring in the most revenue for their facility. After analyzing, they realized that their community needed more radiology equipment and persona. They decided to focus on establishing a radiology department during their expansion. Organizing When the financial manager determines how to use the resources of the organization to adequately carry out the plans that had been established. After analyzing the current resources, the organization decided that the funds were limited and if the expansion were going to be possible they would have to have a thorough plan as to where they could benefit the most. They organized reports and statistic information to present to the board for review. Planning To analyze objects then identify the steps required to accomplish them. To open a new radiology department in their facility, the first thing is they had to determine how much it would cost in man hours, resources, and construction. They constituted a budget for supplies, construction, employees and their training, and then to determine a goal for their launch date. Original  records Provide confirmation that an event has occurred.

Medical Marijuana: Good or Bad?

On April 14, 2011, I read an article in the New York Times that read Pat Robertson Questions Prison for Pot Convictions. (Shear) The article had caught my eye because of who Pat Robertson is and how you wouldn’t think he would be for the legalization of Marijuana. I would have to agree with what Pat goes on to say and how I feel a lot of it makes sense. â€Å"I’m not exactly for the use of drugs, don’t get me wrong, but I just believe that criminalizing marijuana, criminalizing the possession of a few ounces of pot, that kind of thing, it’s just, it’s costing us a fortune and it’s ruining young people,† Mr. Robertson said. Young people go into prisons; they go in as youths and come out as hardened criminals. That’s not a good thing. † That is what Pat Robertson, the televangelist who once ran for president, said on his show â€Å"The 700 Club† while mentioning how thought marijuana being legalized can be a good thin g. I am a 41 year old wife and mother who has had her fair share of life experiences. My past experiences include using marijuana from time to time when I was younger. I never became an avid user and only remember having a good time when I used. I distinctively remember how its effects relaxed me more and put me more at ease. Unfortunately, prison and jail are also in my past experiences and that’s where I have to agree with Mr. Robertson and what he says in this article. I do believe that people being put in jail and prisons for minor marijuana charges is doing nothing but costing us millions in dollars in prosecuting them and subjecting these people to offenders who are there for much more dangerous offenses. My marijuana use and jail time had nothing to do with one another. I was sentenced for something wrong that I had done and was rightfully sentenced for that crime. I took it very serious and did what needed to be done to get back home and start over. If it’s not taken seriously and it’s not used as a positive stepping stone it can be very easy to get caught up with the wrong people and negative drama that jail brings and the bad things good people can learn and take with them when released. Each year, some 750,000 Americans are arrested for possession of small amounts of marijuana. Is that really what we want our police force to focus on? I am not a Cannabis activist, but the real truth is, I would much rather have pot in bars than alcohol any day. I am so tired of the fights that break out or all the DUI’s that people get all the time. In most my research, I haven’t found any real statistics on how marijuana poses the same result? Alcohol, which can cause one to become violent and even cause death does not compare with marijuana, where one can’t OD or cause death by over-intoxication. A spokesperson for Mr. Robertson goes on to say that Mr. Robertson did not intend to suggest support for the legalization of marijuana, but rather to question the severity of how our government punishes those who use or possess a small amount of the drug. Sarah Palin, who is against the legalization of marijuana, has said how she feels that our police force shouldn’t spend a lot of time hunting down these offenders. The drug policy that our government currently holds also plays a significant role in creating crime and empowering gangs. â€Å"The only groups that benefit from continuing to keep marijuana illegal are the violent gangs and cartels that control its distribution and reap immense profits from it through the black market†. That is what a group of current and former police officers, judges, and prosecutors wrote last month in an open letter to voters in California. Kristof) I would have to agree with that statement wholeheartedly. I strongly feel that if marijuana was legalized it would cease some of the violent and criminal activity in society. Legalizing marijuana for medical use is a huge debate within Americans and our government here in the United States. There are 15 states that allow medical marijuana to be distributed legally to its consumers. Here is a list of some of the medical issues that can be helped by the use of marijuana: * Pain Relief ( all types of Pain one might have) * Increases appetite (Cancer) * Decreased Nausea (AIDS/Cancer) Muscle relaxation (Multiple Sclerosis/Epileptic Seizures) * Enhances mood and senses (Depression and anxiety) * Encourages drowsiness and sleep (Multiple Sclerosis, Depression, Cancer and more) These are only some of the many medical issues that can be improved and benefited by the medicinal use of Marijuana. (Uddin/Hurd) After reading all the great ways marijuana can help someone when suffering from a medical problem makes you wonder why more states haven’t joined in on legalizing it. There is more evidence in backing up the pro than the con side of this litigation. I now want to introduce to you, Don Lisk, 57, and Sarah Baugh, both from Montana and both being prescribed medical marijuana for medicinal purposes, tell us of their experiences. In short, Don suffers from chronic back pain he has had for 20 years and tells us marijuana dulls the back pain enough to let him sleep better at night. He also says how pot takes the edge off the pain and he doesn’t suffer the withdrawal he experiences with the opiates such as Lortab. Sarah Baugh, 25, of Billings suffered 12 seizures a day while taking 14 medications that cost $2,000 a month. By using marijuana, she weaned herself off most of her medications and now takes just a small dose of anti-seizure medication. Baugh trimmed her drug costs from $2,000 to less than $600 a month. She dropped 150 pounds, lost the tremors and seizures. (weedblog. com) I have come to find out that marijuana can be used to produce green fuel for autos. How, because of its root structure, it makes the best erosion control. The oils from the seeds can be great for cooking. Just some other ways that marijuana can benefit within our society. I strongly agree that medical marijuana should be legalized and I also agree that marijuana use can be made safe and profitable for all parties involved. The economy would benefit by adding revenue and tax money. By providing it in a safe and regulated way it benefits those who need medical relief, and last but not least it would benefit society by allowing police to concentrate on more violent crimes and criminal activity. The only true losers to the legalization and decriminalization of marijuana are those who stand to make great deals of money from the illegal sales of pot and the transportation of it into the United States.

Madame Schachter essays

Madame Schachter essays Madame Schachters Point of View We were being lined up and stuffed into a boxcar of 80 people. The air and food are scarce. All the heat was unbearable. Lying down was out of the question, and we were only able to sit by deciding to take turns. It has been days since we had stopped last. Saving rations was our rule. We would save for tomorrow because tomorrow might be worse. Im here with my youngest some Isaac who has been brave throughout this entire ordeal. My husband and two older sons, Jacob and David, were taken away by mistake to a different camp. I fear I will never see them again. On the first night of our journey I would moan in my sleep asking God why he had separated my family from me. The train has finally stopped. A man closest to the window said the sign read Kaschau. A German officer who was accompanied by a Hungarian lieutenant-interpreter who introduced themselves greeted us. He said to us, From this moment, you come under the authority of the German army. Those of you who still have gold, silver, or watches in your possession must give them up now. Anyone who is later found to have kept anything will be shot on the spot. Secondly, anyone who feels ill may go to the hospital car. Thats all. He also told us, There are eighty of you in a wagon, if anyone is missing, youll all be shot, like dogs... The doors were then closed again and we went on another journey of not knowing where we would end up. During this journey I saw a fire in the corner of the boxcar, by the window. I could see the flames shooting up and the burnt flesh. I yelled and screamed, Look! Look at it! Fire! A terrible fire! Mercy! Oh, that fire! Nobody would believe me. Even my own son was trying to calm me down, Its all right, Mummy! Theres nothing there ... Sit down... I kept screaming at them for a couple days. Soon other men on this boxcar tied me up, gagg...

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example .............................................................. 2.3 Market analysis........................................................................................... 2.4 Competitor analysis.................................................................................... 2.5 Consumer analysis....................................................................................... 2.6 Internal analysis........................................................................................... 2.7 Additional research considerations contributing to analysis................... 3.0 Objectives and strategy............................................................................................ 3.1 Marketing strategy....................................................................................... 3.2 Evaluation of target segments...................................................................... 4.0 Tactics.................................................................. ....................................................... 5.0 Implementation and control...................................................................................... References Appendices Strategic marketing plan: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts "There is no reason to believe that those now at the top will stay there except as they keep abreast in the race of innovation and competition." (Kaplan 1954, p.142). 1.0 Background Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is seeking new opportunities for revenue growth within the amusement park industry that is currently in the maturity stage in Europe and the United States. Companies that operate in very saturated, competitive markets must identify new innovation opportunities to extend the product and service life cycle and avoid consumer market stagnation by not diversifying the products and services offered in the business model. This report identifies a strategic marketing plan for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts encompassing 2014-2016 in orde r to enhance revenue production and build a more powerful competitive brand. In order to achieve this growth, the company should be focusing primarily on the North American market, the market with the most opportunity for long-term growth. 2.0 Situation analysis This section provides a macro and micro-level analysis of the market, review of the amusement park industry, consumer and competitor analyses, and a brief internal analysis of the competencies currently sustained by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts’ organisational model. 2.1 PESTEL analysis The political environment, both domestically and internationally, are relatively favourable for support of amusement park businesses. The United States is a free market economy, one in which there is minimal government regulation of business behaviour which allows firms to develop their own financial strategies and diversification practices to insulate the business from risk. It is a stable, democratic government system with virtually no risk for political upheaval or non-government militant activity. Hence, the United States provides support for business growth and unregulated access to key consumer markets and market information (Appleby 2010). The United States also maintains a very strong economy which is currently in a significant recovery stage stemming from the 2008-2010 global recession. In 2013, the U.S. sustained a gross domestic product of $16.6 trillion, making it the largest single economy in the world (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2013). The United Stat

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Report - Essay Example Another of her clients was Jeremy Strohmeyer a nineteen year old accused of sexually assaulting and murdering a seven year old in a Las Vegas Casino bathroom. She was given the title of â€Å"Trial Lawyer of the Year on two different occasions. In 1997, she published her book â€Å"The Defense is Ready†: –Life in the Trenches of Criminal Law. In her book the talented, brilliant and outspoken author gives her candid opinions on this daring memoir as it leads us directly into the center stage of the court room for a stunning and first hand account of wisdom and folly and courage and timidity of both the victims and the defendants. It gives the reader a first hand experience of her interesting defense which is sinisterly interwoven in the fabric of Criminal Justice. This book lays down poignant facts by a passionately committed American lawyer who believes that anyone who is convicted of a crime, no matter how heinous it is, has a right to a high level defense against the existing indifferent state. â€Å"The Defense is Ready†, opens with her childhood in New York and goes on to tell us of a father who abandoned her, she writes of her training in the Defense at Los Angeles and goes on to tell of her stupendous success as a lawyer in high profile criminal cases. The book starts with the case Abramson handles between the two Menendez trials which she describes as her â€Å"claim to fame† She describes how she fought to the finish for a fair trial and with Abramson’s help he was acquitted. She offers a deep legal insight into the intricacies of the case using sharp pointers to lay down the facts. The language used was in conversational style and colorful but still it lacked key facts of the case. The lawyer brings out a clear picture of the selfless sometimes callous nature of the judges and lawyers in relation to their dealing with the victims and the defendants. In this autobiography â€Å"The Defense is Ready†, Leslie outlandishly exposes the

Should Americans Deport Illegal citizens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should Americans Deport Illegal citizens - Essay Example The massive numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border has and continues to cause substantial economic, social and physical harms to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who are among the most vulnerable segments of the population, minorities, children and the poor. Simply enforcing the laws presently on the books and deporting illegal aliens is an economic necessity that would also result in decreased crime rates. Illegal immigrants receive more from public monies than they contribute which lowers the standard of living for legal citizens. Illegal immigrants contribute greatly to the overall population growth and health care, education and employment are the most impacted. Salaries are driven down by illegal immigrants willing to work for much less while their children, illegal and legal, overcrowd the schools. It’s the U.S. taxpayer who is sent the bill for their health care services as well. In addition, the large influx of illegal aliens burdens the already inadequate number of units classified as affordable housing and other welfare resources such as energy, water and land usage (â€Å"Illegal Immigration†, 2003). Those that support amnesty of illegal aliens currently in the U.S. argue that deportations would result in the splitting of families. Children born in this country could stay but their illegal parents would have to leave. They also express that it would be unfair for a child that has lived in the U.S. all their life to be suddenly thrust into the conditions of a third world country. While that is a compelling and reasonable argument, the cost is too great.

“Little Warrior” by Lucille O’Neal Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Little Warrior† by Lucille O’Neal Essay Lucille O’Neal wrote â€Å" Little Warrior†. The story is about the way Shaquille O’Neal got his name. A young single mother, strict grandparents house, and it was a racist time. A racist time was happening and Martin Luther King was killed. Giving her child a Muslim name with great meaning. Raising a child by yourself is hard to do and she gave her son the best foundations while growing up. The responsibilities and together in order to survive. Andy Greenberg wrote â€Å" A Step Beyond Human† . The story is about Hugh Herr both Herr’s legs were amputated six inches below the knee after a rock climbing trip ended in severe frostbite. His goal to build artificial limbs that are superior to natural ones. He lost both his legs as an adult and a man died saving his life. This Motivated him to help others by creating better prosthetic limbs. Nearly thousand soldiers who have lost limbs in Iraq and Afghanistan. Paralympics athletes will regularly outperform Olympic athletes. May need special disability laws for humans who decline to have their bodies mechanically enhanced, Herr says. The theme of the short story â€Å" Indian Education† by Sherman Alexie is despair, poverty, and alcoholism amongst the lives of the Native American people. In the beginning of his school, he was weak and always bullied and beaten by higher grade students, and punished by his teacher because of his race. As he was growing up, Victor was demanded by his teacher preparing to be a doctor in the future. However, he knew that all Indians had their own dream. Later, he talked more about his life, about how he learn to obey teachers order, his kiss to a white girl, his poor life, death of another Indian and the lost of football his game. At last, he finished his school year with a good ending, but his most of his former classmates learned almost nothing. Victor education was spend in an poor, tragic and full-of-discrimination life, and ended in a numb stoic. He was not the only one, but one among all the Indian tribe whom were called Indians during the past time. I can imagine that it was hard for the O’Neal family during a racist time and Ms. O’Neal was the only provider for the family. I would have been just like Shaquille by obeying my mother and striving for the best. I can’t relate to Hugh Herr awful mishap of loosing both legs. However, I like how he turned a awful accident into a great invention by inventing prosthetic legs. Victor definitely had a hard-life ass a Native American, He had dreams just like many of us today, however we have a greater chance of fulfilling or dreams.

Administration of Colonoscopy Reflective Account

Administration of Colonoscopy Reflective Account This essay aims to provide a reflective account of the authors personal and professional experience of a patient being admitted for a colonoscopy. To achieve this, a model of reflection will be used and a rationale provided to support this choice. The main point of discussion is communication and advocacy. Advocacy is central to communication and part of a caring nurse-client relationship (Arnold Boggs, 2003). The author as a newly appointed nurse on the Endoscopy Unit, will reflect upon how they could have been a better advocate for the patient in question. Ethical and legal issues will be examined. Finally implications for practice will be discussed. Using a model of reflection allows the nurse to re-appraise the care they have delivered to a patient/client and in doing so can evaluate the effectiveness of that care (Basford Slevin 1995), thus with the intention of influencing future practice for the better. Before starting the reflection process it will be more helpful for the professional to have a guideline or framework from which to work from (Palmer, Burns and Bulman 1994). Palmer et al (1994) view the process as something that is dynamic and they advise a cyclical style model using questions to provide a format for reflection. It is for these reasons that the Gibbs Reflective Cycle has been chosen (Gibbs 1998) for this essay. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council standards on respecting confidentiality in practice, all names and locations have been made anonymous (NMC 2008). As this is a reflective essay the author will refer to herself as I where appropriate. The reflective cycle is divided into six sections each with their own key questions. These are: Description: What happened? Feeling: What were you thinking and feeling? Evaluation: What was good or bad about this experience? Analysis: What sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion: What else could you have done? Action Plan: If it arose again what would you do? (Gibbs 1998) These areas for reflection provide the main topics for the rest of this assignment. When the practitioner has developed an action plan they can then return to the beginning of the cycle with the extra knowledge they have obtained from the first reflective experience (Gibbs 1998). It is here though with the description of the incident that the reflective cycle will begin. The following situation led me to question my actions when admitting a patient for a colonoscopy. The patient a 43 year-old male was referred for a colonoscopy by his GP following a three-week history of fresh rectal bleeding, anal itching (pruritus ani) and a change in bowel habit. Two weeks prior to the scheduled test, a pack containing a letter of appointment was sent to the patient by the endoscopy administration staff. Enclosed were two sachets of Picolax bowel preparation, full instructions for usage, highlighting the need to follow instructions precisely to ensure clarity of view and aid diagnostic accuracy. Included with this pack was a pre-endoscopy questionnaire to enable the nurse to assess the patients general state of health and identify any potential risk factors or complications, which may arise. A booklet was in this pack explaining the procedure, reasons for the test, complications and risks and what to expect during the test. The booklet stated other available investigations in order that he could make an informed decision and enable him to give informed consent for the test to go ahead. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) state that before any treatment or care is given to the patient, consent must be obtained. The BSG (2008) warn that consent issues are a major source of problems, sometimes leading to both complaints and litigation throughout the NHS. Therefore valid and robust consenting is now a required standard for the Endoscopy Global Rating Scale (GRS, 2009) which is a tool that enables endoscopy units to assess how well they provide a patient-centred service. Information in the booklet covered the option of sedation and the need for appropriate after-care. A consent form was enclosed for him to sign at home, providing the patient had read, understood an d agreed to under-go the procedure. A morning appointment was made for the patient and he arrived at the unit by himself. He was greeted by myself, I checked his personal details. This is in accordance with the BSG (2008) guidance for obtaining a valid consent for elective endoscopic procedures as it states that identity checks at key stages in the procedure are essential as some patients have even been known to undergo procedures intended for another due to loss of autonomy and anxiety which can result when entering the hospital. When this information was confirmed he was made to feel comfortable in the preparation room. The patient was clearly anxious. He was looking down a lot and he had his arms folded. He spoke very quickly and with a quiver in his voice one of the first things he said to me was, please knock me out for this. I explained to the patient that although we could give him some sedation which would make him feel more relaxed, he would still be awake as it would be unsafe to knock him out for the test. The sedation used for all endoscopic procedures is conscious sedation. This has been defined as: A technique in which the use of a drug or drugs produces a state of depression of the central nervous system enabling treatment to be carried out, but during which verbal contact with the patient is maintained throughout the period of sedation. The drug and techniques used to provide conscious sedation should carry a margin of safety wide enough to render loss of consciousness unlikely. BSG (2003, p3). He explained that he saw on the consent form that sedation would be offered and he interpreted this to be a general anaesthetic. I further explained to him that although the patient may feel sleepy, he would be conscious throughout the test and he would be able to talk to us. Cotton and Williams (2003) agree, believing that the desired effect of the sedation on the patient is sleepy, relaxed but rouse able. The patient clearly expressed a preference for sedation and it was established that the patients wife could collect him after his procedure and would remain with him over the next 24 hours. It is a requirement that any patient undergoing a procedure with sedation should be accompanied home by a responsible adult who will remain with them for 24 hours as sedative effects are known to remain in the body system for up to this period of time (Royal College of Surgeons, 1993). At this point, I as a newly appointed staff nurse on the unit was unsure whether the consent form that the patient had signed was valid as he originally thought that he was going to have a general anaesthetic when he had signed the form. I had been trained in taking consent which is documented in my e-portfolio as regards the national GIN training programme (Gastrointestinal in Nursing Training Programme), but was unsure what to do in this instance as I had never experienced the situation before. My initial thought was that is was not valid as the patient had a different perception of the test. I explained to the patient that I was just going to get some advice from my colleague (who had worked in the endoscopy unit for several years) as regards the validity of his consent form. I said that I would need to explain the situation to my colleague and he agreed to this joking that we did not both want to get into trouble from the headmaster and get a detention. I said that I would only b e a couple of minutes and left the room to find advice. I explained the situation to the nurse who was sat in recovery. The nurse said that the Endoscopist performing the procedure would go over consent again in the procedure room and not to worry about it. I expressed concern at this because I knew that consent must never be obtained in the procedure room. Guidelines readily available in relation to consent include British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines (BSG) (2008) and the Joint Advisory Group Guidelines (JAG) (2001). Booth agree that consent should not be taken in the procedure room. Guidance on good practice in consent implies that all patients must have had adequate time to absorb and reflect upon new information. This is not achieved if consent is obtained at the last possible moment which is in the procedure room itself. The nurse was dismissive and made unpleasant comments regarding men in general. There was a short distance between the nurse and the preparation room where the patient was so it is likely that the patient heard her remarks. I did not comment at this time even though I felt her remarks to be inappropriate. Luckily this gentleman was the first patient on the mornings list and as such, no other patients were in recovery to here the comments. The nurse picked up the patients notes and knocked on the preparation room door. I thought that I had better observe too as the nurse looked ready for a challenge. The nurse was very brusque in manner and asked the patient if he had read the booklet which the unit has sent out for the test and the section regarding sedation. The patient said that he had read the booklet and indeed the section regarding sedation but there was no mention that he would be awake after he had been given the sedative and assumed therefore that he would be asleep. The nurse then got a copy of the booklet. As she was flicking through trying to find the page with the relevant sedation information on, she said it clearly states in the booklet that if sedation is given, the patient will be awake throughout the test. However, when she got to the page regarding sedation there was no mention of this. It just stated that sedation would be offered prior to the colonoscopy but if the patient decided to have sedation that it was essential that someone was available to stay escort the patient home and stay with them overnight. The nurse went bright red, but did not apologise to t he patient and said that she was going to have words with the administration staff and left the procedure room. I felt guilty that I had not challenged the nurse regarding her rude manner with the patient at the time but felt intimidated and unable to voice my opinion, I also felt I had failed in my duty of care. I thought that the nurse had made a big deal when there was no need. I apologised unreservedly for my colleagues attitude and said that I would take steps to make sure that the booklet was clearer. I then realised that my original question regarding the consent form had not even been answered. I asked the patient if it was okay if I asked another colleague their opinion. The patient said yes but not that do-lally nurse and said that he would be making a complaint regarding her attitude. I then found the endoscopist who was actually going to be undertaking the patients test and asked them about the consent issue. They said that the consent form was fine as long as I reiterated that the patient would be awake and that they fully understood the test. The Endoscpist said that they would d iscuss the consent form with the patient again prior to the procedure as this is normal practice. I went back into the preparation room and said that the consent form was not a problem and that we would discuss it further. I spoke to the patient in a reassuring way, trying to compensate from his previous treatment from my colleague. I asked the patient if he understood the test he was about to have and its related risks. When I felt like the patient had a clear understanding of the procedure I asked him if he had any questions regarding the procedure, the patient replied he had no further questions. He added that he was even more nervous now after the experience with the nurse but just wanted it to be over as quickly as possible. I began to explain the procedure that he was going to undergo and asked if he knew why the GP had referred him for this procedure and relayed the benefits of viewing the bowel in this way. The patient was happy that a diagnosis might be forthcoming from this test. I then reiterated the possible risks of the procedure to the patient explaining that they w ere rare but never the less very real. The patient said that he understood the risks involved but wanted to go ahead with the test to obtain a diagnosis of his problems. I stated that if the patient was going to have sedation, then he should not drive or operate any machinery and should not sign any legally binding documents as the side effects from the sedation would still affect him for twenty four hours. I explained that the endoscopist would endeavour to complete the investigation however, if complications were to occur such as patient distress or poor bowel prep that the test would be abandoned. During a Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Related Procedures Course at The University of Sheffield (Feb 2010, SNM 2215/3232) it was suggested that the guideline for informed consent was signified by the acronym EMBRACE, Explanation of the procedure, Motive for the procedure, Benefits, Risks, Alternatives, Complications and side Effects of the procedure. I believe that these guidelines were fully complied. Following the taking of a medical history and completion of a further in-depth health check questionnaire to ascertain any condition or reason to which sedation would be contraindicated such as elderly patients who may have significant co-morbidity and even in younger patients, the presence of heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lung disease, liver failure, anaemia, shock and morbid obesity (BSG, 2003). It became evident that sedation would be an option. I explained to the patient that a nurse would be with him continuously throughout the procedure and would encourage him to breathe through any discomfort he may feel, or to push some of the air out of his bottom to relieve any pain. The patients blood pressure, pulse and saturations were taken and all were within acceptable limits. This provides a good baseline of the patients observations for the procedure itself and can determine any changes that may occur as a result of the cardio or respiratory depression that may be induced by sedation. Pascarelli (1996) states that during the procedure, the nurses primary responsibility is to monitor the patients vital signs along with communication with the endoscopist, administration of medications and emotional support to the patient. Clarke (1994) warns that patients who undergo invasive procedures are usually anxious and their vital signs are commonly elevated however the sedation lessens the anxiety, and all of the vital signs decrease therapeutically to that patients resting level. The sedation of choice in my workplace is intravenous Midazolam. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine reputedly well suited for use in endoscopy. It has an amnesic affect causing a reduction in memory recall. Clarke (1994) agrees saying that the goal of IV conscious sedation is some degree of amnesia. Patients will occasionally remember some parts for example, the initial introduction of the colonoscope. It is for this reason clear written discharge instructions are given to the patient prior to discharge, with a contact telephone number in the event of any problems and this was explained to the patient. Sedation may be indicated for many reasons. In the main these may include allaying of fears regarding a procedure, and aims to facilitate compliance with repeat procedures as a result of the amnesic affects induced. In many cases it assures co-operation and eases difficulties for the endoscopist and generally provides a rapid, safe return to the normal activities of daily living. The patient was asked to undress from the waist down and to put on the gown provided. When the patient was ready he was taken by myself into the procedure room and introduced to the endoscopist and the appointed staff nurses where the issues of consent and sedation would once more be discussed with the patient as it is the endoscopists ultimate responsibility. Throughout the experience, I felt that several important issues had been highlighted. One issue is that of the booklet that is sent out to the patients prior to the test. I believe that individual patients perspectives regarding the effects of sedation may vary greatly, from a mild sedative to a general anaesthetic. I conclude this to result from the individual interpretation of patient information received and relatives and friends giving a distorted image of their own experience due to the amnesic affect of the sedation. I would advocate good effective communication skills are paramount in allaying misconceptions and fears and the giving of a realistic overview is therefore essential. It was clear that there needed to be some improvement of the explanation of conscious sedation as I felt that is merely skimmed the surface explaining that the option of sedation was there and that there needed to be someone to escort the patient home and stay with them overnight. I felt that it needed to be clearer in the fact that it needs to mention that the patient will not actually be anaesthetised and furthermore that amnesia is a common side effect from the sedation given. This has subsequently been mentioned to the ward sister and the booklet has been updated to clarify conscious sedation. Perhaps one of the most obvious issues is that of the attitude of the other nurse. The BSG (2008) state that the patient must not be put under any pressure and have sufficient time to digest the information in order for consent to be valid. I felt that the attitude of the nurse in question did put pressure on the patient and caused further anxiety for the patient. I felt that the nurse spoke to the patient in a degrading way and showed a lack of professionalism. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) state that nurses must treat people as individuals and respect their dignity, must not discriminate and must treat people kindly and considerately. This was not the case in the above example. The Equality and Human Rights Commission (2008) state that no matter your circumstances you should always be treated fairly and with respect when using healthcare services. The Department of Health (2008) cite the UK Human Rights Act in their guidelines about human rights in healthcare when they state that people have an absolute right not to be treated in a degrading way. This means that it is unlawful for the NHS organisations to act in a way that is incompatible with the human rights act. Endoscopy nurses and indeed all NHS staff should be thinking about their practice and how their response to a situation may impact on a patient or clients human rights. If the patient had chosen to complain (as he said he was going to do) about the nurses attitude towards him, then the nurse may have well been in trouble. This experience has made me question my future practice as a registered nurse and how I would deal with a similar situation. Arnold and Boggs (2003) suggest that an advocate is someone who speaks out; supporting a person so that their views are heard and their rights are upheld, with the sole purpose of maximising the patients health. I was not assertive as I did not defend the patient and therefore did not fulfil my duty of care by becoming an advocate for the patient, ensuring he was treated with dignity and respect. I was worried about what may happen if I challenged the nurses practice. I need to develop my assertiveness and be able to communicate confidently and effectively with both patients and health care professionals. It is quite easy for a nurse to be an advocate for the patient when there is no stress involved but it can be quite difficult when it goes against other health professionals (Kendrick 1994). In this instance there was a conflict between the patients best inter est and my fear of challenging the nurse. If I had been a more experienced nurse on the endoscopy unit and known the nurse involved in this situation better, I think I may have been able to foresee her reaction to the patient and perhaps may not have approached this particular nurse or used my communication skills together with advocacy to diffuse the situation. Gates (1994) states advocacy is one of the main responsibilities nurses have; it is part of communicating on behalf of the patient and/or their families, acting as a mediator to express their needs and experiences. In health care, communication is fundamental to promoting the safe and effective care of patients. The Department of Health Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF) (DoH 2004) is a competence framework to support professional development and career progression through the NHS and is about lifelong learning. It has core dimensions essential to providing quality care. Core dimension 1 (level 4) is concerned with communication. It states that the purpose of communication may include advocating on behalf of others. In order for me to progress as a nurse on the endoscopy unit I need to be familiar with and work within the KSF and other guidelines. On reflection, I feel that I did communicate with the patient well. Smith (1995) proposes that reflection does not necessarily entail an incident that was dramatic or negative; it could easily be something positive that a person finds they obtain valuable learning experience from. Communication with the patient has to be one of the most important aspects of nursing care. An integral part of this process is the way a nurse should use and understand body language (Wilkinson 1991). It is as vital a part of the communication process as speaking and should be treated as such. Body language can convey all human emotions either consciously or not and can show a persons true feelings regardless of what they have said (Pease 1984). I could tell by the way that the patient was communicating non-verbally that he was anxious. His facial expressions and posture showed the classic signs of someone being anxious (Teasdale 1995). Seeing this, perhaps I should have explained to the nurse beforehand t hat the patient was anxious so that she may have acted with a bit more respect towards the patient. It is clear that good clear communication skills can improve patient satisfaction and compliance, thus reducing anxiety. I believe that during the admitting process with the patient I did actively discuss the procedure with the patient. I felt that I gave the patient opportunity to ask questions and allay any fears he was harbouring. I sat beside the patient and spoke to him about the procedure in an informal and pleasant manner, giving him opportunity to voice any concerns that he had. I believe that the patient is at their most vulnerable and anxious upon entering the endoscopy unit and some encouraging reassurance makes the patients experience less of an ordeal. It is my opinion that an assessment of a patients personality and level of understanding regarding consent and sedation enables the development of a communication strategy accordingly thus providing a sound knowledge of the test, sedation offered and therefore informed consent. This essay has allowed me to reflect upon my own practice and how I should have acted differently by standing up for the patient at the time, not allowing my own lack of confidence to prevent this. I understand that the care of the patient is my first concern and that I must work with others as a team to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those in my care (NMC 2008). Perhaps with this understanding, I will be less anxious about felling inferior around other professionals. I will articulate my professional judgement given a similar situation, using what I have been taught which is the best evidence based practice to rationalise my reasons for questioning their practice. I will aim to develop my assertiveness (as I realise that assertiveness does not come naturally to me) to speak out in the interests of the patient, whatever the situation. I will develop my ability to communicate with both patients and other professionals to offer them the opportunity to rationalise their own care delivery and reflect upon it. I believe these actions will enhance my professionalism and promote best practice, in the interest of the patient. I had chosen to focus on communication and advocacy as these are areas in which I feel I need to work on. Gibbs (1998) reflective cycle was used in this assignment because it is a familiar tool that I have found to be useful and uncomplicated. Learning from an experience and then reflecting on that experience is an excellent way of improving the skills in my chosen profession (Kolb 1984). From my own personal point of view, I went into this assignment with some degree of emotional imbalance for the fact that I did not speak out for the patient but now I feel that I have gained in several areas. I feel my reflective skills have increased and with it my confidence regarding tackling such situations again. Also I feel more relaxed with the idea of reflecting uncomfortable incidences because I can see the benefits in doing so.